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| SUMMARIES
OF RECENTLY COMPLETED EPP DOCTORAL THESIS
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Li-Chiou Chen, Computational
Models for Defenses Against Internet-based Attacks
Committee: Kathleen Carley – chair (EPP/ISRI), David Krackhardt
(Heinz), Thomas Longstaff (SEI), Benoît Morel (EPP)
Internet-based attacks have become
an important concern to government and business since more systems rely
upon the Internet to exchange information. In particular, distributed
denial of service (DDOS) attacks have been widely used as a way to compromise
the availability of networks or information services. The economic incentives
of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to provide DDOS defenses and the
public policy concerns to deploy these defenses have not been formally
investigated previously.
This dissertation analyzed how the
side effects of defenses influence the provision of the defenses and
investigates the economic incentives for the service provision. First,
this dissertation categorized the current defenses that actively respond
against DDOS attacks at network routers based on attack detection algorithms
and attack responses. Secondly, the service provision model was analyzed
based on the performance efficiency of DDOS defenses under various network
topologies and various settings in the technology. Next, the economic
incentives for ISPs to offer defense services analyzed based on empirical
data.
The analysis showed that, to operate
the DDOS defense services cost effectively, ISPs should set the filter
location closer to the attack sources and price protection for subscribers
based on their willingness to pay. Public policies should encourage
source filtering and provide incentives for highly influential ISPs
to deploy DDOS defenses.
Financial support for this work
was provided in part by the National Science Foundation ITR 0218466,
the National Science Foundation IGERT 9354995 and the Pennsylvania Infrastructure
Technology Alliance. Additional support was provided by the Institute
for Complex Engineered Systems (ICES) and the Center for Computational
Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems (CASOS) at Carnegie Mellon
University. |
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Joshua
Mindel, An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Spot & Futures Markets for
a T elecommunications Commodity Committee: Burton Hollifield (Tepper),
Benoît Morel (EPP/Physics), Douglas Sicker (Univ. of Colorado),
Marvin Sirbu – chair (EPP/ECE/IA)
Advocates argue that bandwidth trading
presents an
opportunity to lower transaction costs and improve risk management.
Detractors see trading as misguided or worse. Bandwidth markets would
affect: 1) interconnection arrangements; 2) transaction efficiencies;
3) risk management; and 4) redundancy strategies for network survivability.
We first developed a taxonomy for contrasting types of telecommunications
capacity and access services in the context of potential commodities.
We then analyzed the viability of two transport services.
We study price uncertainty in competitive,
interdependent,
spot and risk-neutral futures markets for transport services with guaranteed
performance. We developed an economic model to study the impact of demand
volatility and network outages on price uncertainty. Simulations showed
that for a given trading market layer, the extent to which price uncertainty
propagates beyond those markets depends on the architecture of the aggregate
supplier network layer. Hedgers will require this network information
to effectively manage price risk. For a longer time horizon, a speculator
could reduce price uncertainty more by accurately forecasting demand growth
than by accurately forecasting supply growth.
Conditions required for well-functioning
telecommunications commodity markets are: contract fungibility, delivery
infrastructure, liquid market, price uncertainty, and trading/clearing
system. What is unique about the telecommunications commodity is its combination
of: 1) being a service, not a tangible good; 2) rapid delivery requirements;
3) tight coupling of buyer and seller; and 4) market fragmentation.
This research was supported by the
NSF’s Graduate Research Traineeship: Civil Infrastructure Systems,
and the Department of Engineering and Public Policy. |
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Daniel Kovacs,
Perceptions of Chemicals in Society: Three Perspectives
Committee: Cliff Davidson (CEE/EPP), Mike Dekay (Heinz/EPP), Baruch Fischhoff
– co-chair (SDS/EPP), Deanna Matthews (CEE),
Mitchell Small – co-chair (CEE/EPP)
This dissertation focused on public
perceptions and decision making in three areas of chemical use in society.
The first project examined the effects of household cleaning product odors
and labels on product use behavior relevant to exposure. Behavioral experiments
found that product odor has a significant effect on product preference
and a potential effect on the amount of product used. The second project
examined perceptions of perchloroethylene (PCE) use in dry cleaning. Interviews
with dry cleaners and dry cleaning customers identified gaps in knowledge
of the dry cleaning process and the processes of PCE release, exposure,
and potential health effects. The third project examines public perceptions
of the chemical industry. Interviews in two communities, one with a significant
industry presence, identified many positive and negative impressions of
the industry and its social impacts.
Risk assessments have been completed
on only a small number of the tens of thousands of chemicals in use. This
dissertation showed that there are non-traditional opportunities for reducing
societal exposure to chemicals, including: product odors policies aimed
at reducing exposure; communications aimed at dry cleaners and dry cleaning
customers to alter their behavior; and chemical industry and non-regulatory
government activities that respond to concerns raised about the impacts
of chemical industry activities. The results provide insight into public
perceptions that can be incorporated into such policies designed to inform
and improve the actions and communications of individuals, companies,
industry, government and public interest groups.
This work was supported by a grant
from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development (R82-1402-010); the Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance
(in association with Decision Partners); and the American Chemistry Council
(in association with Decision Partners).
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